律（lǜ）宏長鏡頭 | 美（měi）國法下的“親屬相隱”製（zhì）度

在我國（guó），漢（hàn）有“親（qīn）親得相首匿”；唐有 “同居相為隱”；明有“妻妾告夫及夫之祖父母者（zhě），杖一百徒三年（nián）”。現行刑訴法也規定夫（fū）妻、父子之間可以不當庭指控對（duì）方的犯（fàn）罪行為。這些製度旨在維護家庭穩定。那大洋彼岸的美國是如何處理這個問題的呢？

Under the Federal Rules of Evidence, there are two distinct spousal privileges: the testimony privilege and the privilege for confidential material communication.

上（shàng）白話：在美國證據法下，夫妻之間有兩類特權，一個是不作證的權利，一個（gè）是交流（liú）保密的權利。

Testimony Privilege

免證（zhèng）特（tè）權

As long as a valid marriage exists at the time of trial, a married person whose spouse is a defendant in a criminal case may not be called as a witness by the prosecution. Moreover, a married person may not be compelled to testify against the legal interest of their spouse in any criminal proceeding, regardless of whether the spouse is the defendant. This applies even if the events at issue took place before the marriage. The purpose of the privilege is to protect the harmony of an existing marriage. However, the privilege belongs only to the witness-spouse who may choose to do so.

上白話：刑事案件環境下（民事案件不適用哦），不論大哥什（shí）麽時候犯的罪（比（bǐ）如大哥還在把妹的時（shí）候就告訴妹他搶劫了銀（yín）行），隻要在開庭的時候那個妹已經是他老婆，妹就可以自行選擇是否作為證人指控大哥。所以記住了，大哥要對大嫂好（hǎo）點，這個選擇權在大（dà）嫂，一旦（dàn）大嫂開撕你，你基本就涼了（le）。

Privilege for confidential 

marital communication

夫妻交流（liú）保密特權

In any civil or criminal case, confidential communications between spouses during a valid marriage are privileged（no third party present, except young children）. Each spouse can refuse to disclose the communication or prevent any other person from doing so. For this privilege to apply, the marital relationship must exist when the communication is made. The rationale for the privilege is to encourage candor between spouses.

上（shàng）白話：民事或者刑事案件中（適用範圍很廣），大哥對（duì）大（dà）嫂說開車（chē）的時候撞了人，後來他們離（lí）婚了，大嫂已不再是大嫂了，但是大嫂也不能泄密，就算（suàn）她想，大哥也有（yǒu）權阻止她，隻要說這個話的時候他們兩個人是夫妻關係就行。

Exceptions

例外：

Neither privilege applies in the following situations:

▪ Communications or acts in furtherance of a future joint crime or fraud;

▪ In legal actions between the spouses; or

▪ In case where a spouse is charged with a crime against the testifying spouse or either spouse’s children.

上白話：這個特（tè）權在這些情況下是玩不了的：一是大哥和大嫂聊（liáo）怎麽可以更好的實施共（gòng）同犯罪或者欺詐；二是大哥和大嫂之間的（de）法律訴訟（sòng）；三是大哥對大嫂或他們的娃實施犯罪行為的案件。

作者介紹

延彬（bīn）彬律師

現為上海律宏律師事（shì）務所合夥人律師，民革黨（dǎng）員（yuán）。先後被評為民（mín）革上海市委三八紅旗手、民革普陀區委先（xiān）進個人，並在第一屆（jiè）上海律師學（xué）術大賽中獲“代理詞（cí）評選”優秀獎，持有（yǒu）證（zhèng）券從（cóng）業資格證、上海市知識產權工作者證等。

執業領域：

不良資產處置，企業法律顧問，各（gè）類合同糾紛，勞動人事糾紛，婚姻家庭糾紛的處理，刑事案件以及行（háng）政案件的處理，醫療器械行業法律服務等。

執業理念：

每個人都值得（dé）擁有自己的私人律師。

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